[SPIRV] Add SPIR-V specific intrinsics, two passes and tests

The patch adds SPIR-V specific intrinsics required to keep information
critical to SPIR-V consistency (types, constants, etc.) during translation
from IR to MIR.

Two related passes (SPIRVEmitIntrinsics and SPIRVPreLegalizer) and several
LIT tests (passed with this change) have also been added.

It also fixes the issue with opaque pointers in SPIRVGlobalRegistry.cpp
and the mismatch of the data layout between the SPIR-V backend and clang
(Issue #55122).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D124416



Co-authored-by: Aleksandr Bezzubikov <zuban32s@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Michal Paszkowski <michal.paszkowski@outlook.com>
Co-authored-by: Andrey Tretyakov <andrey1.tretyakov@intel.com>
Co-authored-by: Konrad Trifunovic <konrad.trifunovic@intel.com>