[flang] Restore old unit locking behavior

Rework  the recursive I/O error check on I/O units so that
threads again hold a lock on a unit throughout an I/O statement.
Add an API to the runtime's Lock class implementation for pthreads
to allow detection of solf-deadlock without depending on EDEADLK
or recursive mutexes.

This should fix I/O from OpenMP threads.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D139477