[IVDescriptors] Make pointer inductions compatible with opaque pointers

Store the used element type in the InductionDescriptor. For typed
pointers, it remains the pointer element type. For opaque pointers,
we always use an i8 element type, such that the step is a simple
offset.

A previous version of this patch instead tried to guess the element
type from an induction GEP, but this is not reliable, as the GEP
may be hidden (see @both in iv_outside_user.ll).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D104795