[libc++] Use c++20 instead of c++2a consistently.

* The only exception is that the flag -std=c++2a is still used not to break compatibility with older compilers (clang <= 9, gcc <= 9).
* Bump _LIBCPP_STD_VER for C++20 to 20 and use 21 for the future standard (C++2b).

That's a preparation step to add c++2b support to libc++.

Reviewed By: ldionne, #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D93383