[libc++] Resolve missing table_size symbol

The aim of this patch is to resolve the missing `table_size` symbol (see reduced test case). That const variable is declared and defined in //libcxx/include/locale//; however, the test case suggests that the symbol is missing. This is due to a C++ pitfall (highlighted [[ https://quuxplusone.github.io/blog/2020/09/19/value-or-pitfall/ | here ]]). In summary, assigning the reference of `table_size` doesn't enforce the const-ness and expects to find `table_size` in the DLL. The fix is to use `constexpr` or have an out-of-line definition in the src (for consistency).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110647