[libc++] Implement C++20's P0784 (More constexpr containers)

This commit adds std::construct_at, and marks various members of
std::allocator_traits and std::allocator as constexpr. It also adds
tests and turns the existing tests into hybrid constexpr/runtime tests.

Thanks to Richard Smith for initial work on this, and to Michael Park
for D69803, D69132 and D69134, which are superseded by this patch.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D68364