[libc++] Add tests to pin down the ABI of deque, list and vector (#80191)

This patch adds tests that lock down the ABI of types like deque, list
and vector.
An upcoming patch will replace the usage of __compressed_pair in these
classes
by [[no_unique_address]], so we are adding these tests to pin down their
ABI
before making the change. That way, we can be confident that the patch
making
the actual ABI-sensitive change is safe if it doesn't break these tests.