[libc++] Shrink variant's index type when possible

Summary:
Currently `std::variant` always uses an unsigned int to store the variant index. However this isn't nessesary and causes `std::variant` to be larger than it needs to be in most cases.

This patch changes the index type to be `unsigned char` when possible, and `unsigned short` or `unsigned int` otherwise, depending on the size (Although it's questionable if it's even possible to create a variant with 65535 elements.

Unfortunately this change is an ABI break, and as such is only enabled in ABI v2.

Reviewers: mpark

Reviewed By: mpark

Subscribers: cfe-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D40210

llvm-svn: 318621