[MachO] Properly reset global state

We need to reset global state between runs, similar to the other ports.
There's some file-static state which needs to be reset as well and we
need to add some new helpers for that.

With this change, most LLD Mach-O tests pass with `LLD_IN_TEST=2` (which
runs the linker twice on each test). Some tests will be fixed by the
remainder of this stack, and the rest are fundamentally incompatible
with that mode (e.g. they intentionally throw fatal errors).

Fixes PR52070.

Reviewed By: #lld-macho, int3

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D112878