[mlir] make the bitwidth of device side index computations configurable (reland)

Summary:
The patch makes the index type lowering of the GPU to NVVM/ROCDL conversion configurable. It introduces a pass option that controls the bitwidth used when lowering index computations and uses the LowerToLLVMOptions structure to control the Standard to LLVM lowering.

This commit fixes a use-after-free bug introduced by the reverted commit d10b1a38. It implements the following changes:
- Added a getDefaultOptions method to the LowerToLLVMOptions struct that returns a reference to statically allocated default options.
- Use the getDefaultOptions method to provide default LowerToLLVMOptions (instead of an initializer list).
- Added comments to clarify the required lifetime of the LowerToLLVMOptions

Reviewed By: ftynse

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D82475