[BasicAA] Fix zext & sext handling

Summary:

There are several unhandled edge cases in BasicAA's GetLinearExpression
method. This changes fixes outstanding issues, including zext / sext of
a constant with the sign bit set, and the refusal to decompose zexts or
sexts of wrapping arithmetic.

Test Plan: Unit tests added in //q.ext.ll//.

Patch by Nick White.

Reviewers: hfinkel, sanjoy

Reviewed By: hfinkel, sanjoy

Subscribers: sanjoy, llvm-commits, hfinkel

Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D6682

llvm-svn: 236894