FileCheck [3/12]: Stricter parsing of @LINE expressions

Summary:
This patch is part of a patch series to add support for FileCheck
numeric expressions. This specific patch gives earlier and better
diagnostics for the @LINE expressions.

Rather than detect parsing errors at matching time, this commit adds
enhance parsing to detect issues with @LINE expressions at parse time
and diagnose them more accurately.

Copyright:
    - Linaro (changes up to diff 183612 of revision D55940)
    - GraphCore (changes in later versions of revision D55940 and
                 in new revision created off D55940)

Reviewers: jhenderson, chandlerc, jdenny, probinson, grimar, arichardson, rnk

Subscribers: hiraditya, llvm-commits, probinson, dblaikie, grimar, arichardson, tra, rnk, kristina, hfinkel, rogfer01, JonChesterfield

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D60383

llvm-svn: 359475