[libc++] Implement P0798R8 (Monadic operations for std::optional)

Implement P0798R8

Reviewed By: #libc, ldionne, Quuxplusone

Spies: tcanens, Quuxplusone, ldionne, Wmbat, arichardson, Mordante, libcxx-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D113408