[BasicAA] Add simple depth limit to avoid stack overflow (PR49151)

This is a simpler variant of D96647. It just adds a straightforward
depth limit with a high cutoff, without introducing complex logic
for BatchAA consistency. It accepts that we may cache a sub-optimal
result if the depth limit is hit.

Eventually this should be more fully addressed by D96647 or similar,
but in the meantime this avoids stack overflows in a cheap way.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D96996