Fix building and testing libc++ with GCC.

The changes in src/exception.cpp and cmake/Modules/HandleLibCXXABI.cmake fix a
bug when building libc++ with GCC. Because GCC does not support __has_include
we need to explicitly tell it that we are building against libc++abi via the
preprocessor definition `LIBCXX_BUILDING_LIBCXXABI`.

The changes in include/ratio are to work around CWG defect
1712 (constexpr variable template declarations). GCC 4.8 and before has not
adopted the resolution to this defect.

The changes in include/exception work around an issue where is_final is used
without it being defined in type_traits.

llvm-svn: 237767