[WebAssembly] Fix ISel crash in SIGN_EXTEND_INREG lowering

Summary:
The code previously assumed that the index of a vector extract was
constant, but this was not always true. This patch fixes the problem
by bailing out of the lowering if the index is nonconstant and also
replaces `static_cast`s in the lowering function with `cast`s because
the latter contain type-checking asserts that would make similar
issues easier to find and debug.

Reviewers: aheejin

Subscribers: dschuff, sbc100, jgravelle-google, hiraditya, sunfish, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D81025