[libc++] Remove extension to support allocator<const T>

This extension is a portability trap for users, since no other standard
library supports it. Furthermore, the Standard explicitly allows
implementations to reject std::allocator<cv T>, so allowing it is
really going against the current.

This was discovered in D120684: this extension required `const_cast`ing
in `__construct_range_forward`, a fishy bit of code that can be removed
if we don't support the extension anymore.

This is a re-application of dbc647643577, which was reverted in 9138666f
because it broke std::shared_ptr<T const>. Tests have now been added and
we've made sure that std::shared_ptr<T const> wouldn't be broken in this
version.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D120996