[lib++][ranges][NFC] Refactor `iterator_operations.h` to use tags.

Change the mechanism in `iterator_operations.h` to pass around a generic
policy tag indicating whether an internal function is being invoked from
a "classic" STL algorithm or a ranges algorithm. `IterOps` is now
a template class specialized on the policy tag.

The advantage is that this mechanism is more generic and allows defining
arbitrary conditions in a clean manner.

Also add a few more iterator functions to `IterOps`.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D129390