[Concepts] Correctly handle failure when checking concepts recursively

Based on discussion on the core reflector, it was made clear that a
concept that depends on itself should be a hard error, not a constraint
failure. This patch implements a stack of constraint-checks-in-progress
to make sure we quit, rather than hitting stack-exhaustion.

Note that we DO need to be careful to make sure we still check
constraints properly that are caused by a previous constraint, but not
derived from (such as when a check causes us to check special member
function generation), so we cannot use the existing logic to see if this
is being instantiated.

This fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/44304 and
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/50891.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D136975