Add basic infrastructure for instrumenting pass execution and analysis...

Add basic infrastructure for instrumenting pass execution and analysis computation. A virtual class, PassInstrumentation, is provided to allow for different parts of the pass manager infrastructure. The currently available hooks allow for instrumenting:
* before/after pass execution
* after a pass fails
* before/after an analysis is computed

After getting this infrastructure in place, we can start providing common developer utilities like pass timing, IR printing after pass execution, etc.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 237709692