LLVM dialect: introduce llvm.addressof to access globals

This instruction is a local counterpart of llvm.global that takes a symbol
reference to a global and produces an SSA value containing the pointer to it.
Used in combination, these two operations allow one to use globals with other
operations expecting SSA values.  At a cost of IR indirection, we make sure the
functions don't implicitly capture the surrounding SSA values and remain
suitable for parallel processing.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 262908622