[libc++] Un-deprecate and un-remove some members of std::allocator

This implements the part of P0619R4 related to the default allocator.
This is incredibly important, since otherwise there is an ABI break
between C++17 and C++20 w.r.t. the default allocator's size_type on
platforms where std::size_t is not the same as std::make_unsigned<std::ptrdiff_t>.