[libc++] Change requirements on linear_congruential_engine.

This patch changes how linear_congruential_engine picks its randomization
algorithm. It adds two restrictions, `_OverflowOK` and `_SchrageOK`.
`_OverflowOK` means that m is a power of two so using the classic
`(a * x + c) % m` will create a meaningless overflow. The second checks
that Schrage's algorithm will produce results that are in bounds of min
and max. This patch fixes https://llvm.org/PR27839.

Differential Revision: D65041