Implement __attribute__((require_constant_initialization)) for safe static initialization.

Summary:
This attribute specifies expectations about the initialization of static and
thread local variables. Specifically that the variable has a
[constant initializer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constant_initialization)
according to the rules of [basic.start.static]. Failure to meet this expectation
will result in an error.

Static objects with constant initializers avoid hard-to-find bugs caused by
the indeterminate order of dynamic initialization. They can also be safely
used by other static constructors across translation units.

This attribute acts as a compile time assertion that the requirements
for constant initialization have been met. Since these requirements change
between dialects and have subtle pitfalls it's important to fail fast instead
of silently falling back on dynamic initialization.

```c++
  // -std=c++14
  #define SAFE_STATIC __attribute__((require_constant_initialization)) static
  struct T {
    constexpr T(int) {}
    ~T();
  };
  SAFE_STATIC T x = {42}; // OK.
  SAFE_STATIC T y = 42; // error: variable does not have a constant initializer
  // copy initialization is not a constant expression on a non-literal type.
```
This attribute can only be applied to objects with static or thread-local storage
duration.

Reviewers: majnemer, rsmith, aaron.ballman

Subscribers: jroelofs, cfe-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D23385

llvm-svn: 280525