P0091R3: Implement basic parsing support for C++17 deduction-guides.

We model deduction-guides as functions with a new kind of name that identifies
the template whose deduction they guide; the bulk of this patch is adding the
new name kind. This gives us a clean way to attach an extensible list of guides
to a class template in a way that doesn't require any special handling in AST
files etc (and we're going to need these functions we come to performing
deduction).

llvm-svn: 294266