[libcxx] adds ranges::fold_left_with_iter and ranges::fold_left (#75259)

Notable things in this commit:

* refactors `__indirect_binary_left_foldable`, making it slightly
different (but equivalent) to _`indirect-binary-left-foldable`_, which
improves readability (a [patch to the Working Paper][patch] was made)
* omits `__cpo` namespace, since it is not required for implementing
niebloids (a cleanup should happen in 2024)
* puts tests ensuring invocable robustness and dangling correctness
inside the correctness testing to ensure that the algorithms' results
are still correct

[patch]: https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/6734