[DebugInfo][RemoveDIs] Extract DPValues in CodeExtractor like dbg.values (#73252)

CodeExtractor shifts dbg.value intrinsics out of the region being
extracted and updates them to be appropriate in the extracted function.
With new non-intrinsic variable locations, we need to manually do this
too, with DPValues.

Most of this patch shifts and refactors some utilities in
fixupDebugInfoPostExtraction so that we can add a single extra helper
lambda that iterates over DPValues and applies update-utilities. We also
have to assign the IsNewDbgInfoFormat flag in a bunch of places -- this
normally gets set the moment you insert a block into a function (or
function into a module), however a few blocks are constructed here
before being inserted, thus we have to do some manual setup.

Tested via LoopExtractor_alloca.ll, which invokes debugify.