[DebugInfo][InstrRef][NFC] Switch to using DenseMaps and similar

There are a few STL containers hanging around that can become DenseMaps,
SmallVectors and similar. This recovers a modest amount of compile time
performance.

While I'm here, adjust the bit layout of ValueIDNum: this was always
supposed to act like a value type, however it seems that clang doesn't
compile the comparison functions to act that way. Add a uint64_t to a
union that explicitly aliases the bitfields, so that we can compare the
whole value as a single integer.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D112333