[WebAssembly] Implement thread-local storage (local-exec model)

Summary:
Thread local variables are placed inside a `.tdata` segment. Their symbols are
offsets from the start of the segment. The address of a thread local variable
is computed as `__tls_base` + the offset from the start of the segment.

`.tdata` segment is a passive segment and `memory.init` is used once per thread
to initialize the thread local storage.

`__tls_base` is a wasm global. Since each thread has its own wasm instance,
it is effectively thread local. Currently, `__tls_base` must be initialized
at thread startup, and so cannot be used with dynamic libraries.

`__tls_base` is to be initialized with a new linker-synthesized function,
`__wasm_init_tls`, which takes as an argument a block of memory to use as the
storage for thread locals. It then initializes the block of memory and sets
`__tls_base`. As `__wasm_init_tls` will handle the memory initialization,
the memory does not have to be zeroed.

To help allocating memory for thread-local storage, a new compiler intrinsic
is introduced: `__builtin_wasm_tls_size()`. This instrinsic function returns
the size of the thread-local storage for the current function.

The expected usage is to run something like the following upon thread startup:

    __wasm_init_tls(malloc(__builtin_wasm_tls_size()));

Reviewers: tlively, aheejin, kripken, sbc100

Subscribers: dschuff, jgravelle-google, hiraditya, sunfish, jfb, cfe-commits, llvm-commits

Tags: #clang, #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D64537

llvm-svn: 366272