[AA] Teach BasicAA to recognize basic GEP range information.

The information can be implicit (from `ValueTracking`) or explicit.

This implements the backend part of the following RFC
https://groups.google.com/g/llvm-dev/c/T9o51zB1JY.

We still need to settle on how to best represent the information in the
IR, but this is a separate discussion.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D109746