[libc++] Implement D2351R0 "Mark all library static cast wrappers as [[nodiscard]]"

These [[nodiscard]] annotations are added as a conforming extension;
it's unclear whether the paper will actually be adopted and make them
mandatory, but they do seem like good ideas regardless.

https://isocpp.org/files/papers/D2351R0.pdf

This patch implements the paper's effect on:
- std::to_integer, std::to_underlying
- std::forward, std::move, std::move_if_noexcept
- std::as_const
- std::identity

The paper also affects (but libc++ does not yet have an implementation of):
- std::bit_cast

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D99895