[analyzer][StdLibraryFunctionsChecker] Track dependent arguments

When we report an argument constraint violation, we should track those
other arguments that participate in the evaluation of the violation. By
default, we depend only on the argument that is constrained, however,
there are some special cases like the buffer size constraint that might
be encoded in another argument(s).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D101358