Fix a few cases that were incorrectly parsed as unary-expressions

instead of postfix-expressions, and improve error recovery for postfix
operators after unary-expressions.

This covers nullptr, __null, and some calls to type traits with special
parsing rules. We would previously not parse a postfix-expression suffix
for these expressions, so would reject expressions such as
__is_trivial(int)["foo"].

For the case where a postfix-expression suffix is *not* permitted after
a unary-expression (for example, after a new-expression or sizeof
expression), produce a diagnostic if one appears there anyway. That's
always ill-formed, but previously produced very bad diagnostics.