[test][llvm-dwarfdump] Add missing testing for some --debug-* options

A number of the --debug-* options in llvm-dwarfdump are not particularly
well tested. In some cases, the option is only tested as part of testing
another feature, or a specific part of the section that the options
dump. This change adds four new tests to address some of these holes. It
is not aiming to address every hole however.

I kept the --debug-line switch test separate to X86/brief.s because the
latter only considers the parts of the line table that are affected by
verbose printing, thus missing out things like the header and different
values for things like the Line, Column etc registers.

Reviewed by: JDevlieghere

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D71276