[mlir] FunctionOpInterface: turn required attributes into interface methods (Reland)

Reland D139447, D139471 With flang actually working

- FunctionOpInterface: make get/setFunctionType interface methods

This patch removes the concept of a `function_type`-named type attribute
as a requirement for implementors of FunctionOpInterface. Instead, this
type should be provided through two interface methods, `getFunctionType`
and `setFunctionTypeAttr` (*Attr because functions may use different
concrete function types), which should be automatically implemented by
ODS for ops that define a `$function_type` attribute.

This also allows FunctionOpInterface to materialize function types if
they don't carry them in an attribute, for example.

Importantly, all the function "helper" still accept an attribute name to
use in parsing and printing functions, for example.

- FunctionOpInterface: arg and result attrs dispatch to interface

This patch removes the `arg_attrs` and `res_attrs` named attributes as a
requirement for FunctionOpInterface and replaces them with interface
methods for the getters, setters, and removers of the relevent
attributes. This allows operations to use their own storage for the
argument and result attributes.

Reviewed By: jpienaar

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D139736