[mlir][Arithmetic] Add `arith.delinearize_index` operation

This change adds a new DelinearizeIndexOp to the `arith` dialect. The
operation accepts an `index` type as well as a basis (array of index
values) representing how the index should be decomposed into a
multi-index. The decomposition obeys a canonical semantic that treats
the final basis element as "fastest varying" and the first basis element
as "slowest varying". A naive lowering of the operation using a sequence
of `arith.divui` and `arith.remui` operations is also given.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D129697