[scudo] Update header without read-modify-write operation (#66955)

We used to update the deallocated block with
atomic_compare_exchange_strong to ensure the concurrent double-free will
be detected. However, this operation incurs huge performance overhead
which takes over 50% execution time in deallocate(). Given that we
already have the checksum to guard the most double-free cases and other
block verifications in the primary allocator, use atomic-store instead.