Remove improper uses of DiagnosticErrorTrap and hasErrorOccurred.

DiagnosticErrorTrap is usually inappropriate because it indicates
whether an error message was rendered in a given region (and is
therefore affected by -ferror-limit and by suppression of errors if we
see an invalid declaration).

hasErrorOccurred() is usually inappropriate because it indicates
whethere an "error:" message was displayed, regardless of whether the
message was a warning promoted to an error, and therefore depends on
things like -Werror that are usually irrelevant.

Where applicable, CodeSynthesisContexts are used to attach notes to
the first diagnostic produced in a region of code, isnstead of using an
error trap and then attaching a note to whichever diagnostic happened to
be produced last (or suppressing the note if the final diagnostic is a
disabled warning!).

This is mostly NFC.