[DwarfDebug] Improve validThroughout performance (4/4)

Almost NFC (see end).

The backwards scan in validThroughout significantly contributed to compile time
for a pathological case, causing the 'X86 Assembly Printer' pass to account for
roughly 70% of the run time. This patch guards the loop against running
unnecessarily, bringing the pass contribution down to 4%.

Almost NFC: There is a hack in validThroughout which promotes single constant
value DBG_VALUEs in the prologue to be live throughout the function. We're more
likely to hit this code path with this patch applied. Similarly to the parent
patches there is a small coverage change reported in the order of 10s of bytes.

Reviewed By: aprantl

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D86153