[clang][X86] Add __cpuidex function to cpuid.h

MSVC has a __cpuidex function implemented to call the underlying cpuid
instruction which accepts a leaf, subleaf, and data array that the output
data is written into. This patch adds this functionality into clang
under the cpuid.h header. This also makes clang match GCC's behavior.
GCC has had __cpuidex in its cpuid.h since 2020.