[NFC][AsmPrinter] Refactor DbgVariable as a std::variant

Only a subset of the fields of DbgVariable are meaningful at any time,
and some fields are re-used for multiple purposes (for example
FrameIndexExprs is used with a throw-away frame-index of 0 to hold a
single DIExpression without needing to add another member). The exact
invariants must be reverse-engineered by inspecting the actual use of
the class, its imprecise/outdated doc-comment, and some asserts.

Refactor DbgVariable into a sum type by inheriting from std::variant.
This makes the active fields for any given state explicit and removes
the need to re-use fields in disparate contexts. As a bonus, it seems to
reduce the size on my x86_64 linux box from 144 bytes to 96 bytes.

There is some potential cost to `std::get` as it must check the active
alternative even when context or an assert obviates it. To try to help
ensure the compiler can optimize out the checks the patch also adds a
helper `get` method which uses the noexcept `std::get_if`.

Some of the extra cost would also be avoided more cleanly with a
refactor that exposes the alternative types in the public interface,
which will come in another patch.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D158675