[Try2][InstrProf] Attach debug info to counters

Add the llvm flag `-debug-info-correlate` to attach debug info to instrumentation counters so we can correlate raw profile data to their functions. Raw profiles are dumped as `.proflite` files. The next diff enables `llvm-profdata` to consume `.proflite` and debug info files to produce a normal `.profdata` profile.

Part of the "lightweight instrumentation" work: https://groups.google.com/g/llvm-dev/c/r03Z6JoN7d4

The original diff https://reviews.llvm.org/D114565 was reverted because of the `Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/debug-info-correlate.ll` test, which is fixed in this commit.

Reviewed By: kyulee

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D115693