[SPIR-V] Improve how lowering of formal arguments in SPIR-V Backend interprets...

[SPIR-V] Improve how lowering of formal arguments in SPIR-V Backend interprets a value of 'kernel_arg_type' (#78730)

The goal of this PR is to tolerate differences between description of
formal arguments by function metadata (represented by "kernel_arg_type")
and LLVM actual parameter types. A compiler may use "kernel_arg_type" of
function metadata fields to encode detailed type information, whereas
LLVM IR may utilize for an actual parameter a more general type, in
particular, opaque pointer type. This PR proposes to resolve this by a
fallback to LLVM actual parameter types during the lowering of formal
function arguments in cases when the type can't be created by string
content of "kernel_arg_type", i.e., when "kernel_arg_type" contains a
type unknown for the SPIR-V Backend.

An example of the issue manifestation is
https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator/blob/main/test/transcoding/KernelArgTypeInOpString.ll,
where a compiler generates for the following kernel function detailed
`kernel_arg_type` info in a form of `!{!"image_kernel_data*", !"myInt",
!"struct struct_name*"}`, and in LLVM IR same arguments are referred to
as `@foo(ptr addrspace(1) %in, i32 %out, ptr addrspace(1) %outData)`.
Both definitions are correct, and the resulting LLVM IR is correct, but
lowering stage of SPIR-V Backend fails to generate SPIR-V type.

```
typedef int myInt;

 typedef struct {
   int width;
   int height;
 } image_kernel_data;

 struct struct_name {
   int i;
   int y;
 };
 void kernel foo(__global image_kernel_data* in,
                 __global struct struct_name *outData,
                 myInt out) {}
```

```
define spir_kernel void @foo(ptr addrspace(1) %in, i32 %out, ptr addrspace(1) %outData) ... !kernel_arg_type !7 ... {
entry:
  ret void
}
...
!7 = !{!"image_kernel_data*", !"myInt", !"struct struct_name*"}
```

The PR changes a contract of `SPIRVType *getArgSPIRVType(...)` in a way
that it may return `nullptr` to signal that the metadata string content
is not recognized, so corresponding comments are added and a couple of
checks for `nullptr` are inserted where appropriate.