[libc++] Only include_next C library headers when they exist

Some platforms don't provide all C library headers. In practice, libc++
only requires a few C library headers to exist, and only a few functions
on those headers. Missing functions that libc++ doesn't need for its own
implementation are handled properly by the using_if_exists attribute,
however a missing header is currently a hard error when we try to
do #include_next.

This patch should make libc++ more flexible on platforms that do not
provide C headers that libc++ doesn't actually require for its own
implementation. The only downside is that it may move some errors from
the #include_next point to later in the compilation if we actually try
to use something that isn't provided, which could be somewhat confusing.
However, these errors should be caught by folks trying to port libc++
over to a new platform (when running the libc++ test suite), not by end
users.

NOTE: This is a reapplicaton of 226409, which was reverted in 67472981
      because it broke the build. The issue has now been fixed with
      https://reviews.llvm.org/D138062.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D136683