[libc++] Add [[nodiscard]] extensions in <math.h>

There are quite a few functions marked `[[gnu::const]]` inside the compiler. This patch adds `[[nodiscard]]` to libc++-provided overloads of these functions to match the diagnostics produced.

Reviewed By: ldionne, #libc

Spies: libcxx-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D140855