[clang] Add the flag -ffile-reproducible

When Clang generates the path prefix (i.e. the path of the directory
where the file is) when generating FILE, __builtin_FILE(), and
std::source_location, Clang uses the platform-specific path separator
character of the build environment where Clang _itself_ is built. This
leads to inconsistencies in Chrome builds where Clang running on
non-Windows environments uses the forward slash (/) path separator
while Clang running on Windows builds uses the backslash (\) path
separator. To fix this, we add a flag -ffile-reproducible (and its
inverse, -fno-file-reproducible) to have Clang use the target's
platform-specific file separator character.

Additionally, the existing flags -fmacro-prefix-map and
-ffile-prefix-map now both imply -ffile-reproducible. This can be
overriden by setting -fno-file-reproducible.

[0]: https://crbug.com/1310767

Differential revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D122766