[libc++] Improves clang-tidy configuration.

The current clang-tidy settings work in the CI but not on all systems
outside the CI.
- The range 16...17 doesn't work when only clang-17 is installed.
- Running CMake a second time will fail.

This addresses these issues.

Reviewed By: philnik, #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D144785