[Clang] Add the `annotate_type` attribute

This is an analog to the `annotate` attribute but for types. The intent is to allow adding arbitrary annotations to types for use in static analysis tools.

For details, see this RFC:

https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-new-attribute-annotate-type-iteration-2/61378

Reviewed By: aaron.ballman

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D111548