[libc++abi] Refactor around __dynamic_cast

This commit contains refactorings around __dynamic_cast without changing
its behavior. Some important changes include:

- Refactor __dynamic_cast into various small helper functions;
- Move dynamic_cast_stress.pass.cpp to libcxx/benchmarks and refactor
  it into a benchmark. The benchmark performance numbers are updated
  as well.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D138006