[analyzer] Let the checkers query upper and lower bounds on symbols (#74141)

This commit extends the class `SValBuilder` with the methods
`getMinValue()` and `getMaxValue()` to that work like
`SValBuilder::getKnownValue()` but return the minimal/maximal possible
value the `SVal` is not perfectly constrained.

This extension of the ConstraintManager API is discussed at:
https://discourse.llvm.org/t/expose-the-inferred-range-information-in-warning-messages/75192

As a simple proof-of-concept application of this new API, this commit
extends a message from `core.BitwiseShift` with some range information
that reports the assumptions of the analyzer.

My main motivation for adding these methods is that I'll also want to
use them in `ArrayBoundCheckerV2` to make the error messages less
awkward, but I'm starting with this simpler and less important usecase
because I want to avoid merge conflicts with my other commit
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/72107 which is currently under
review.

The testcase `too_large_right_operand_compound()` shows a situation
where querying the range information does not work (and the extra
information is not added to the error message). This also affects the
debug utility `clang_analyzer_value()`, so the problem isn't in the
fresh code. I'll do some investigations to resolve this, but I think
that this commit is a step forward even with this limitation.